The concept of an Air Cushion Vehicle was first theorized in the late 19th century but the technology did not become practical until the mid-20th century. British engineer Christopher Cockerell is credited with conceiving and developing the first ACV prototype. His vessel, nicknamed the "Ekranoplan," made its debut in 1959. During the 1960s, extensive research and development quickly advanced ACV capabilities. Both the British and Soviet militaries conducted successful testing of ACV designs for amphibious operations and coastal defense roles. Commercial applications were also explored, leading to the establishment of hovercraft passenger ferry services in various parts of the world by the 1970s.

 

 

All ACVs share a common basic design. An aerodynamic hull contains large fans or propellers that generate an airflow under the vehicle through inlet ducts. The airflow is directed outward below a flexible skirt that seals the perimeter. The resulting pressurized air cushion lifts and floats the hull slightly above the surface, eliminating friction. Steering is achieved through thrust vectoring of the main fans or water jets. Some ACVs incorporate foils, rudders and wings to improve stability and control at higher speeds. Powerplants can include gas turbine, diesel or jet engines depending on intended application and range. Payload capacity ranges from a few tons up to over 500 tons for the largest models.