PVC itself is a known human carcinogen according to various regulatory bodies. Its production and disposal can release dioxins and phthalates, both of which are hormone-disrupting chemicals. Dioxins are formed as a byproduct during the manufacture of PVC through combustion processes like medical waste incineration. They are highly toxic even at very low levels of exposure and are known to cause reproductive and developmental issues as well as cancer. Phthalates are plasticizers added to PVC to increase its flexibility. Some research has linked phthalate exposure to hormone disruption, abnormalities in genital development of male infants, and asthma in children. Due to concerns about these chemicals, there has been a push for "soft PVC-free" alternatives.

Non-PVC IV Bags are made from safer resins that avoid chemical exposures. Common materials used include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). PE bags rely on high-density polyethylene which provides clarity for fluid monitoring. PP exhibits low extractability and is compatible with virtually all IV fluids. EVA copolymer bags offer transparency as well as compatibility with a wide range of medications and solutions. Some manufacturers have developed multilayer film structures using these safer resins to optimize strength, flexibility, and permeation resistance compared to traditional PVC. The end result is IV solutions can be delivered via non-leaching bags free of harmful plasticizers and other questionable chemicals.

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