As consumers look for ways to reduce their home's environmental impact and energy costs, heat pumps have emerged as a popular renewable heating alternative to traditional fossil fuel furnaces and boilers. A heat pump uses electricity to transfer heat from the outdoors into a home, providing space heating, water heating, and other applications. With advances in technology making them more efficient and versatile, heat pumps are becoming a feasible option for many homeowners seeking cleaner, greener heating solutions.

How Heat Pumps Work

At their core, heat pumps use a refrigeration-based process similar to an air conditioner but running in reverse. On the exterior unit, a refrigerant passes through an evaporator coil where it absorbs Heat Pumps  from the surrounding air. The refrigerant is then compressed inside the unit, raising its temperature, before passing through indoor air handler coils where it releases the heat into the home. Modern heat pumps can extract usable heat even from very low outdoor temperatures through efficient vapor-compression cycles.

There are different types of heat pumps suited to various climate needs. Air-source heat pumps work with outside air as the heat source and are simple and affordable but have limitations in extremely cold regions. Ground-source or geothermal heat pumps exchange heat with the more stable temperature of the ground through buried pipes and coils and are more efficient year-round but involve higher installation costs. Ductless mini-split heat pump systems offer zoned heating without ductwork but may require multiple outdoor units.

Electricity to Run Heat Pumps

While heat pumps require electricity to power the vapor-compression cycle, the actual power consumption is quite efficient compared to electrical resistance heating. The coefficient of performance (COP)—a measure of how much heat is delivered per unit of electricity used—is typically in the range of 2.5 to 3.5 for air-source heat pumps, meaning they provide two to three and a half units of heat for every one unit of electricity used. Even higher COPs are possible with ground-source heat pumps properly sized for a home's needs and insulation levels.

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