What is the Extracellular Matrix?
The extracellular matrix (ECM) refers to the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs in the body. While cells are usually thought of as the basic unit of life, the ECM plays diverse and crucial roles through intricate interactions with surrounding cells. The ECM provides not only physical scaffolding and structural support to tissues but also acts as a reservoir for growth factors and cytokines that regulate cell differentiation, migration, and signaling during development, homeostasis, and repair.

Composition and Structure of the ECM
The Extracellular Matrix is composed primarily of proteoglycans and glycoproteins that are secreted locally by cells. Collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and elastin are the major structural components that provide tensile strength and elasticity to the matrix. Proteoglycans such as hyaluronan, versican, and aggrecan maintain hydration and resist compression within tissues. Additional regulatory components within the ECM include prolifering-activating factors, cytokines, and various proteases and their inhibitors that modulate matrix degradation and remodeling over time. The composition and density of ECM molecules vary significantly between tissues to support their unique mechanical and physiological functions.

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